Culture, ideology, politics and economics are linked in the output of media organisation in way that is true for no other sector of capitalist enterprise The WritePass Journal

Culture, ideology, politics and economics are linked in the output of media organisation in way that is true for no other sector of capitalist enterprise Introduction Culture, ideology, politics and economics are linked in the output of media organisation in way that is true for no other sector of capitalist enterprise IntroductionCritical AnalysisConclusionBibliographyRelated Introduction Although some might believe otherwise, the media is not a neutral or objective institution. It is rather a disputed space that can be manipulated to serve certain interests. McNair (2007:103) affirms that â€Å"culture, ideology, politics and economics are linked in the output of media organisation.† This statement is especially true of the UK newspaper industry. McQuail (2008:7) also argues that power structures social relationships and that this has an effect on the way the mass media is organized. Both historically and presently the influence of the media can be observed. Newspapers promote certain ideologies, create and reinforce cultural patterns, and greatly influence views on politics. Media products that are made for mass consumption are often controlled by a handful of wealthy owners. This is very similar to what Karl Marx calls the ‘bourgeoisie’ or the owners of the means of production. They are in control of factories and the livelihoods of workers. How ever, in much the same way, media production serves the interests of the few, and not those of the masses. The ruling class often determines the content of widely distributed newspapers. In support of McNair, I will argue that media output is very closely linked to culture, ideology, and politics, in a way that is advantageous to those who own the means of production. In order to show this, I will discuss all factors (culture, ideology, politics, and economics) in relation to each other and analyse the influence that the newspaper industry has had historically on political, economic, and cultural affairs. The paper will mainly look at 18th century, 19th century, and present press and media output in Britain. Critical Analysis The struggle over control of newspaper content is also an economic struggle between the bourgeoisie and the workers or the lower classes. This is a conflict that mirrors the Marxist notion of class struggle. Starting as far back as the 18th century, the UK ruling class has fought to destroy radical newspapers of the time, such as Poor Man’s Guardian, Twopenny, and Republican. The aims of the radical press were to promote class organisations through the development of a critical political analysis. Class organizations and unions were meant to earn workers better wages and more rights. Thus, by developing radical newspapers, the working class sought to improve their economic condition. This is an example of the struggle between the aristocracy and the workers who were criticising corruption and the repressive taxation which was impoverishing them (Curran 2010:13). Here, politics is also interrelated to the media and to economics. It was only through adopting a critical political analysis that workers could advocate for their rights. On the other hand, the politics of the right (or the wealthy owners) represent their economic interest of keeping the wealth and control of the press in the hands of few. The emergence of more progressive publications in the early 1800s showed how the ideology of the ruling classes was in opposition of radicalism. Their politics served to prevent the workers from gaining more control of the media output. Between 1830 and 1836 there was an increase in circulation of radical newspapers. In London alone, the readership grew from half a million to 2 million. Dr Philmore,   a member of Parliament, complained that â€Å"these infamous publications [†¦] inflame working people’s passions, and awaken their selfishness, contrasting their present condition with what they contented to be their future condition- a condition incompatible with human nature, and with those immutable laws which providence has established for the regulation of human society â€Å" (Curran 2010 : 14). In other words, the rich believed that it is their right to maintain their social and economic standing. In response to radicalism, they sought to pass regulations that wou ld control the media output. This implied that they could promote the views that would benefit their own economic and social condition.   As already seen, those who can control media output use this resource to promote their ideology, culture, and politics. In this way, they also maintain their wealth. In order to silence the voice of radical newspapers in the 1800s, the government decided to introduce the stamp duty, which meant that publications were redefined to include political periodicals. Curran and Seaton (2010) also note that during those days, the government sought to increase press taxation. This was to ensure that those in charge of the press are wealthy men of high social standing. Curran and Seaton explain that the reason behind stamp duty was â€Å"to restrict the readership to a well to do by raising the cover price; and to restrict the ownership to the propertied class by increasing the publishing cost â€Å" (Curran and Seaton 2010:11). This shows how economics plays a big role in restricting those who do not have the necessary means from promoting their own ideology, politics, and culture. The example clearly illustrates the link between economics, culture, and politics that McNair talks about. It also portrays, once again, how those who own the means of produc tion can promote the ideologies that benefit them. Over time, those who were financially in control of the media used this to their advantage and slowly began to take radicalism out of the picture. It became the norm that only those who have enough capital could have a say in politics and influence the ideology of the masses. In the late 19th century, when   some control methods failed and stamp laws were repealed, the press establishment embarked on a â€Å"sophisticated strategy of social control†, where the radical newspapers were replaced by apolitical, commercial publications, read by mass audiences and controlled by capital (McNair 2009:87). According to McNair (2009), the radical publications of the end of the 19th century had either been forced out of existence, moved right politically, or become small specialist publications. As newspapers became cheaper and the market expanded, capital investment and running costs increased beyond the capacity of radical publishers. Thus, radical voices were once again silenced. Th is shows that the output of news is greatly influenced by the ownership and capital, as only the wealthy are powerful enough to determine the course of media production. Currently, it can be said that media output in the newspapers is still dependant on who owns the enterprise, what are their politics, and what kind of ideology and culture they want to promote. Oftentimes, the output does not necessarily reflect the truth, but rather takes the form that is best suited to serve the interests of the few. It is not uncommon for stories to be censored or even not published at all. To illustrate this, Anthony Bevins (1997:47) argues that â€Å"Journalists cannot ignore the pre-set ‘taste ‘of their newspapers, use their own sense in reporting the truth of the any event, and survive. They are ridden by news desks and backbenches executives, have their stories spiked on a systematic basis, they face the worst sort of newspaper punishment –byline deprivation.† Conclusion The history of newspaper publishing in the UK shows that economic interests influence media output immensely. I have argued that, historically, culture, ideology, politics, and economics are all interrelated influences on the content of media. In order to show this, my paper has looked at historical events that have had an impact on the course that the media (especially newspapers) has taken during the past few hundred years. Starting with the 18th century, the press has been a battlefield between the rich and the poor. Radical newspapers fought to have a say in politics. Unfortunately, those who had more wealth and invested more capital were the ones able to take control of the press. With the control of the press also came the promotion of certain ideologies. The ruling class favoured the politics that went against the interests of the workers. Politicians and capitalists alike strived to protect their standing.   The stamp duty is an example of measures that they were taking to ensure that radical media output does not grow enough to influence political views. Even though this measure did not last, the effect that commercialization has had on newspapers and media output, in general, is still evident. Those who own media corporations prefer an apolitical and commercial approach. Over time, the voices of workers with radical demands have stopped being heard in the mainstream media. Moreover, even the practices of journalists nowadays are influenced by this approach to media as a profit driven enterprise. The relevance of stories is often determined based on commercial appeal and sensationalism, rather than facts. Stories can be censored and facts hidden. Economics, as well as politics are mainly to blame for these developments. McNair (2009) sums up this interrelationship perfectly through his work. The fact that politics, economics, culture, and ideology play a big role in determining media output is undeniable. Although this is unlikely to change in the ne ar future, it is important to know whose politics and interests influence what we read, hear, and see in the media. Bibliography Curran, J. and Seaton. Power Without Responsibility : Press, Broadcasting and the Internet in Britain. Routledge, Abingdon, 2010. McNair, B. News and Journalism In the UK . Routlege, London, 2003. McQuail D. Mass Communication. SAGE, London, 2008. Tumber H. News : A Reader. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999. Wahl-Jorgensen, K. Hanitzsch, T. The Handbook of Journalism Studies. Taylor Francis, Abingdon, 2009.

How to Calculate Freezing Point Depression

How to Calculate Freezing Point Depression This example problem demonstrates how to calculate freezing point depression using solution of salt in water. Quick Review of Freezing Point Depression Freezing point depression is one of the colligative properties of matter, which means it is affected by the number of particles, not the chemical identity of the particles or their mass. When a solute is added to a solvent, its freezing point is lowered from the original value of the pure solvent. It doesnt matter whether the solute is a liquid, gas, or solid. For example, freezing point depression occurs when either salt or alcohol are added to water. In fact, the solvent can be any phase, too. Freezing point depression also occurs in solid-solid mixtures. Freezing point depression is calculated using Raoults Law and the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation to write an equation called Blagdens Law. In an ideal solution, freezing point depression only depends on solute concentration. Freezing Point Depression Problem 31.65 g of sodium chloride is added to 220.0 mL of water at 34  °C. How will this affect the  freezing point of the water?Assume the  sodium chloride completely dissociates in the water.Given: density of water at 35  °C 0.994 g/mLKf water 1.86  °C kg/molSolution:To find the  temperature change elevation of a solvent by a solute, use the freezing point depression equation:ΔT iKfmwhereΔT Change in temperature in  °Ci van t Hoff factorKf molal freezing point depression constant or cryoscopic constant in  °C kg/molm molality of the solute in mol solute/kg solvent.Step 1 Calculate the molality of the NaClmolality (m) of NaCl moles of NaCl/kg waterFrom the periodic table, find the atomic masses of the elements:atomic mass Na 22.99atomic mass Cl 35.45moles of NaCl 31.65 g x 1 mol/(22.99 35.45)moles of NaCl 31.65 g x 1 mol/58.44 gmoles of NaCl 0.542 molkg water density x volumekg water 0.994 g/mL x 220 mL x 1 kg/1000 gkg water 0.219 kgmNaCl moles of NaCl/kg watermNaCl 0.542 mol/0.219 kgmNaCl 2.477 mol/kgStep 2 Determine the van t Hoff factorThe van t Hoff factor, i, is a constant associated with the amount of dissociation of the solute in the solvent. For substances which do not dissociate in water, such as sugar, i 1. For solutes that completely dissociate into  two ions, i 2. For this example, NaCl completely dissociates into the two ions, Na and Cl-. Therefore, i 2 for this example.Step 3 Find ΔTΔT iKfmΔT 2 x 1.86  °C kg/mol x 2.477 mol/kgΔT 9.21  °CAnswer:Adding 31.65 g of NaCl to 220.0 mL of water will lower the freezing point by 9.21  °C.

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Globalization - Essay Example Before the United States of America was the ultimate supreme ruler and countries like India were low-level underdeveloped nations. However, globalization has changed this. Although these countries cannot yet rise to the same level in terms of development, they are able to learn and understand better the culture and other aspects of development such as in technology and innovations about other countries. Communication has definitely increased in growth. People are now integrated in their thinking to improve and modernize their ways of doing things. Lower level countries can now understand the good concepts of other countries and integrate them in their own country for development. Technology, especially computers, paved the way for Internet, which has made communication so much faster. Freidman, in his book, realizes that the world is flat when he visited several technology companies and call centers in India and also in China. Friedman is later told that the playing field right now h as been leveled, a condition in which all companies and businesses have an equal chance of being successful and on top. Now, countries like India can participate in the competition for worldwide understanding and knowledge, flattening to the point where businesses, small or big, can collaborate and vie globally. Globalization has caused several effects in the development of many areas in development and growth. In the military, it has flattened through the use of computer technology. Now, low-status officers and recruited men could gain access to different kinds of information through the Internet. Education is also now available through the Internet. Online schooling is now possible. American people can be lectured, coached and instructed online by Indian tutors. Information is spread throughout the world and is now continually flowing to even the remote locations in several countries. In terms of trade and commerce, advertising and sales can be done through television and the inte rnet as well which is seen by more audiences in a cheaper and a more low-cost way. Because of the flat world, there is an emergence and the beginning of worldwide production markets that have dramatically increased the development of international trade within the past five decades. In addition, in terms of economy, in my opinion, countries now have the same and equal opportunity to become the number one power in terms of wealth. Before, the United States was the main world power and it has maintained a sturdy and rich economy. But because of globalization, China grew tremendously, competing with America, and it has been predicted that in twenty years time with this kind of rate from China, it will have enough to rival with the United States. Communication to the social public has now effectively increased and grew. Tri media has now become cheaper and cheaper to the point where it has become affordable to everyone, enabling it to reach a larger audience faster and in a more afforda ble way. Culture has also become influenced and has changed. Cultural diffusion, or the sharing an the spreading of ideas, the contact between cultural countries, adopting new cultures and practices and technology has bloomed, flourished and tremendously grew. Cultural diversity is now more apparent such as the emergence of international pop culture and trends. With all this development and the rise

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example Corporate social responsibility helps build sustainable and stable business environments with healthy markets and surrounding communities (McCabe, 2). The key aspects for corporate social responsibility include; firstly, social investment which involves the company contributing to the infrastructure of the community. Secondly, transparency and accountability whereby the company is transparent on what they do, this will help build confidence from the outside on their business. Thirdly, CSR is aimed at enlightening self interest whereby they are able to work well with the community and, lastly, to increase the expectations of the community on their business and that it is not all about getting profits but, also for providing employment and helping the community in their projects. Corporate social responsibility involves a company’s social investment in a society and the trust they build through their CSR activities. A strong CSR is associated with good business and successful le adership; the way they relate to the community will affect their relationship with their customers and stakeholders (McCabe, 4). They, therefore have to be very careful in ‘giving back to the community’. This report will analyze the WD-40 company corporate social responsibility. WD-40 is a global consumer product company that deals with fabrication of products such as cleaning agents, chemicals, and aerosols. The board manages how the company handles its management and social responsibility, which includes compensations. The WD-40 CSR program assists the neighboring community, stakeholders and investors (WD-40 Company). The community is the greatest beneficiary of the CSR program. In terms of leadership and business ethics, they ensure that they treat all the stakeholders, customers and investors in the same way (Samuel & Celine Louche, 28). Leadership ethics involves the company’s culture of making ethical choices. It measures the company’s obligation to incorporating into the social aspects in their laid down objectives. Another important feature of CSR at WD-40 is transparency. Transparency put in place to ensure that the company is open in what it does to both customers and stakeholders. This help build trust in the whole society. WD-40 makes sure that it involves the employees in the verdict making process and administration of the company. This feature of CSR ensures that the company has a list of its stakeholders and how they engage with them and, that its part of global entities. In the aspect of community development, the company shows how it relates with the community through giving, donations and involvement in development activities (O'Brien, 2). The company should show their responsibility in protecting the health of the community at large. If they are engaging in construction activities, they devise ways to protect the environment by carrying out impact assessments and, giving the community a chance to show whether they are comfortable with their activities, i.e. they should be part of decision-making (McKinsey & Company, 5). The category that involves products and services covers the company’s responsibility in development and management of products and their impacts on the community. The company focuses on the health of consumers and market opportunities available. The quality of their products influences how a product or service will sell; they should ensure that their products work especially, that their products deal with cleaning (WD-40 Company). The human rights category measures the company’s commitment to respecting human rights and the freedoms associated with the human rights. This will help the company be recognized as one that values human

Electric and Music industries limited Essay Example for Free

Electric and Music industries limited Essay â€Å"EMI† or Electric and Music industries limited is a British music company founded in 1931 as a result of a giant merger of two companies namely the UK Columbia Graphophone company and Gramophone company. Initially it was involved in manufacture of recording and playback equipment and provision of music to play in its machines. EMI Group Plc comprises two major companies i. e. EMI music based in Kensington, London England and EMI publishing based in New York. EMI is one of the four music companies in the world. The other three are Sony BMG, Warner group, and Universal music group. As we shall see Terra Firma, capital partners now own EMI since august 2007. This change of ownership was because of drastic decline in sales and a huge loss to the tune of 2000 million pounds in 2006/20007 financial year (http://www. businessweek. com/magazine/content/03_06/b3819058. htm? chan=search). This transition saw several artists walk out of EMI including Radio head, Sir Paul McCartney among others. The takeover also saw Guyhands, the new owner bring in new restructuring policies to reduce the labor costs by two hundred pounds. This was to be achieved by cutting up to two hundred workers out of the 5000 plus EMI labor force (http://www. cornerc. com/emi. htm). Initially EMI majored in the manufacture of gramophones, which went on successfully for a period of 40 years. However, during and after the world war two they ventured in the manufacture of radar equipment and guided missiles. They later began to manufacture broadcasting equipments with BBC being their main customers. They employed skilled engineers an example such was Godfreys Hounsefield who came up with the first scanning machine, used in medical imaging. EMI’s strategic choices Although EMI was established along time ago, an indicator that it had cut itself a niche in the music production industry, it had to come up with regular strategies to maintain its position in the market. This was also necessary to stay in level with its business rival e. g. Warner music group and others. In any business, it is mandatory that to acquire a large market share a manufacturer must produce quality products. This aspect of quality is what customers look for and therefore EMI embarked on producing quality and efficient products through the employment of skilled work force such as engineers. For instance the re skilled and able engineers who made sure that quality and efficiency was not compromised. Another very important tool EMI used to edge out its competitors was by signing contracts with popular artists. It roster of artists included both local and international artists who releases new albums every now and then. These regular releases helped EMI to offer its customers a wide rage of music choices. Emi continued investing heavily in the very best song writing standards across the world. Local artists included the Beetle Boys, Nora Jones. Lenny Krawtz, among others while artists from other regions included Japan’s Noriyoku Matiara, Latin American’s Marissa Monte, continental Europe’s Raffael, Diam among many others. These best talents enabled EMI to maximize all potential revenue opportunities. Due to hypercompetitive nature of the music industry, EMI has always been on the look out to remain executive in the industry. This, they have achieved by making systematic decisions, monitoring the decision effects, and adjusting where necessary. EMI’s fast, efficient and flexible business intelligence team draws these strategies. Through this intelligence team, EMI was able to embark on facilitating a new architecture for selling its products. They engaged an IT firm, Avanade who successfully designed a web services solution. This new architecture helped EMI to take advantage of unique interactive marketing opportunities, which offered a competitive advantage when signing new artists. EMI has also labored tirelessly in creation of new products, formats, channels, and new partnerships as a real competitive tool over its rivals. For instance, EMI diversified its distribution channels by introducing digital online selling. This has supplemented the physical selling method. As expected, this online selling has helped to cut the costs of shipping, and offered value to its customers’ dollars. Another competitive advantage of this method is that it’s dynamic, secure, and it’s flexible for easy extension to new E-commerce business technology initiative (http://www. avanade. com/customers/casestudy. aspx? id=39). EMI has also focused on creating of very attractive music content and making it available where consumers want it, when they need it, and in the format, they want it. This has helped them to maximize the demands for its artist works. Of more importance is the diversification of its product range, which has been a routine exercise as part of their business products. New corporate partnerships have been created and therefore making EMI’s music available in more than 56 countries. However, this market diversification has posed a greater challenge due to sprouting of both physical and digital piracy. However, through a series of successful legal suits the company has made progress in combating unscrupulous pirates. Another tool EMI continues to use in order to broaden its international market is by establishing right relationships on the right terms. This has made them to be in the fore front of the music industry and there fore exploiting new products and possibilities that digital technologies brings e. g. this innovative digital approach, saw EMI music produce the first ever album available on i-tunes. An indicator of how EMI music is exploiting new opportunities that digital technologies brings (http://billboard. blogs. com/billboardpostplay/2005/06/sales_and_marke. html) . Through these digital innovations, EMI music has therefore ventured in a wide geographical region with ventures in N. America, Japan, Continental Europe, Latin America, Australia, and in S. East Asia. In all this regions EMI music has entered into joint ventures with local companies, making its products to be widely accepted by the locals, a phenomenon, which could have been the other way if EMI music decided to go on its own. These international ventures have been successful because British had many colonies across the globe. Therefore, it has been easy to market EM products in the common wealth countries (http://www. ybase. com/detail? id=1025595). EMI limited is now one of the four leading companies after Universal music group, Warner music group and Sony BMG. Therefore, measures to protect it and make it sustainable strong in the music industry market have to be arrived at. His measures are not only purely for protection but also for building the company further. An example of such measure was EMI’s bold proposal move to buy its music rival Warner group. EMI argued that this move will not only cut down the cost of unnecessary competition but also will add value to the company share value in the London stock exchange market. Warner on its side did not take the proposal positively. EMI has also invested hugely on intensive marketing and promotion through collaboration with mobile phone manufacturers e. g. T-mobile which uses EMI music as its ring tunes. In addition, EMI music has entered into contracts with advertisers and media houses as a way of diversifying its revenue opportunities. Another milestone EMI has achieved in protecting its market share is by proper use of copyrights and hence reducing piracy. Critical success factors In order to achieve all the above strategies and objectives, EMI had to come up with a series of practices. These practices, which are in other words referred to as critical success factors, included the following; developing a distinctive approach towards its list of artists, which are its main assets. Also making consistence investment in artists with long-term carrier potential and maximizing its local and global sales. Another factor was getting in partnership with willing music companies across the world. This approach was seen as the only way EMI products would be readily accepted by customers globally. From EMI’s financial and performance data, it is evident that to some extend they achieved these success strategies. This is clearly shown by the number of business ventures it entered into the globe e. g. in Asia, Australia, North and South America among many other places. In addition, the roster of artists affiliated to EMI speaks volumes about this. It s evident then that EMI’s strategies and objectives were very much appropriate initially. This is the reason as to why EMI has been successful for a very long period. The strategies were in line with its resources and capabilities. EMI’s recourses and capabilities It is evident that the long term EMI’s success did not just come on a silver platter, it was occasioned by; intensive investment of capital, intensive marketing and promotion, tireless efforts by its skilled and able workers, regular releasing of albums by its long roster of artists, and lastly prevailing peace and stability in many countries it ventured into. To begin with, the main asset towards the support of EMI’s strategies was their large numbers of artists who were blessed with immense real musical talent. These artists released new hits every now and then and therefore this made EMI to be constantly in business, hence its expansion to overseas market. EMI being a company that started back before the start of the world war two stands a better chance in terms of competitive advantage from its rivals. This is so because its long time presence in music production industry makes it to have built a reputation with new and old artists. Long time presence in music industry makes it to be popular with its customers and therefore its volume of sales have always been high until lately when it started making losses. To satisfy its customer s demand as we saw earlier EMI achieved this by investing heavily in new technology whereby new brands of products were released every now and then. This new technology was achieved through EMI’s large workforce of able and skilled technicians. EMI group have two branches i. e. EMI music, and EMI publishing though they are very much separate from one another as its normal in music industry. These two branches have contributed a lot in making EMI what it is today. This is so because they supplement one another in that, the publisher branch publishes and records musical tracks while the music branch offers distribution and marketing services and thus EMI managed to sail successfully in its business endeavors. Its variety of branches also gave its customers a wide choice of products. These brands included music packaged in physical devices like disks and music digitally delivered to customers online. The above recourses and capabilities and many more others are what made EMI to be strategically capable in edging out its rivals, business wise. An evaluation of EMI’s current strategies Today the company being under the ownership of Terra Firma it has to make new strategies as one of the core actions in its efforts of regaining its lost glory. An example of these strategies is the labor force down sizing which its new owner, Mr. Guy Hands, brought in. Literally, this strategy will mean that a quite number of workers will face the axe. Its suitability therefore is wanting, because it will be contracting the company’s initial policies since quite a number of sectors of production will remain understaffed. All the same, it is worthy the cause since in the end expenses will shoot down and the saved funds channeled towards the main objective of reviving the once renowned music powerhouse (http://helium. com. tm/494190/music-industry-dying-painful). By looking at EMI’s business environment it not clear whether it will regain its lost market share. This is because the take over by terra firma was worsened by the walking away of some of it’s of long time artists therefore it will be difficult to win the back. It can also be argued that Mr. Guy Hands strategy was not in good faith because may be his main intention was to come up with a plan that will see him recover his money he paid for the takeover deal (http:www. whatmakesagoodleader. com/Porters-five-forces. html). In terms of feasibility, which is concerned with whether the strategy is implemental it can be said that cutting the labor force although easy to implement can be of no consequence when it comes to regaining its lost market share. This so because when some of EMI’s artists left, they obviously signed contracts with other music companies, which are probably its three major rivals and therefore increasing the level of competition. Basing this argument on competition, cutting the number of employees will not bring down the level of competition. Again, EMI badly needs the services of some of its experienced workers to turn around the situation facing it. For instance, EMI needs the services of IT technicians to bring new and fresh technological ideas to gain that competitive advantage over its three main rivals. It is in order that the money which were to be paid to the retrenched workers will be invested in researching for more technology, but in real sense new technologies mean more labor force to work on it (http://www1. ximb. ac. in/users/fac/dpdash/dpdash. nsf/pages/BP_Evaluation). On acceptability of this strategy, it remains to be seen because now EMI has been faced with financial constraints and hence it’s subsequent change of ownership. This change of ownership saw EMI being delisted from the London stock market, and mass walkouts of long time loyal artists. This is a phenomenon, which means that its volume of sales went down considerably, and consequently making EMI to find its self in a financial quagmire. This also affected the capital structure of the company with the shareholders being forced to sell their shares to the new owner. This policy also affected the functions of different departments in the organization. Some departments were merged, while others were scraped all together. The company’s reputation also went down especially its customers, suppliers lost faith in it, and therefore it can be said the general acceptability of this strategy was relatively poor. In conclusion it can be deduced that it will take some time for the company to fully regain its lost glory this so because in the music a single flop can lead to long time consequences. Music production is unique in that it involves the signing of long-term co tracts with artists, suppliers and stakeholders and therefore breaching such contracts is not a common thing. Unless during abnormal occurrences like in the case of the take-over of EMI by Terra Firma. However, EMI can build on from its other range of products to regain its popularity and market share.

What do we learn about life in Americas in the 1930s from John Essay

What do we learn about life in Americas in the 1930's from John Steinbeck's novel, Of Mice and Men? John Steinbeck was born and raised in Salinas, in 1902. Steinbeck was of German and Irish ancestry. His father was the county treasurer and his mother was a teacher. Steinbeck attended Salinas High School and went on to study Marine Biology at Stanford University, but failed to finish his course. He travelled to New York and worked as a reporter, unfortunately he was fired. After he took on many different jobs and became an apprentice, a painter, a caretaker, a surveyor and a fruit picker. He married three times in 1930, in 1943 and in 1950. During the World War Two, Steinbeck became a War correspondent. In 1960 he toured 40 states of America and was awarded with a Noble Prize in the same year. Steinbeck later died in 1968, at the age of 64. In the 1920s share prices in the USA rapidly increased year after year. Many Americans believed that by investing money in the stocks they could make quick and easy money. The selling and buying of shares almost became uncontrollable, many people brought shares without realising that they could easily loose it. Some companies were totally false and others lied to their customers in order to take advantage of the money hungry people of the USA. On the 24th and 29th of October 1922, share prices on Wall Street fell dramatically. This fall became known as the Wall Street Crash. This crash became the main cause of the nationwide depression. The depression hit America first then spread to other countries around the world. People began to lose their confidence in the stock markets and embarked on saving as opposed to buying stock. Many banks collapsed as people withdrew th... ...or information on the 1930's. It helps us to understand what was happening in the 1930's. It gives us a clear idea of white people's attitude to black people and everyone's attitude towards The Great Depression. This story is a very good reference of oppression in the 1930's. Candy describes the bosses' behaviour to George and says; I guess the boss'll be out here in a minute. He was sure burned when you wasn't here this morning. Come right in when we was eatin' breakfast and says, 'Where the hell's them new men?' An' he give the stable buck hell, too." This shows how even though Crooks' work was good and that even though he was much liked around the ranch he did not seem to be much appreciated. The 1930's were a very hard period for black people and women of all colours. I think that "Of Mice and Men" is an excellent source for information on the 1930's.

Disaster Response

The aspect of disaster has been a prevalent attribute within any societal setting. The strength of the society towards this has been provided by various processes modeled as disaster management strategies. Every community has been therefore at a projected risk of effect by various conceptions of disasters. However, the success of any disaster management process is a compliment of various phases. Mitigation is the process of gaining the knowledge about the disaster and developing possible measures of avoiding the risks involved.It therefore involves an assessment of the probable risks which could affect oneself, property of family. It is the compound of both structural as well as non structural processes and measures that are taken towards limiting the impacts held by the disaster (John, 2005). Preparedness is the process whose aim is mainly to prevent the occurrence of the disaster. It compounds the preparation of the procedures and equipments which could be used when the disaster oc curs. Disaster response implies the probable methods of fulfilling and providing the basic and adequate humanitarian needs that are of importance to those affected.It therefore governs the structures of providing assistance and help for the affected persons to undertaken persuasive process in driving out from the crisis. Disaster recovery process comes after the possible immediate threats and effects to people have subsided. It implies restoring the affected property and people to their former state of living by supplying the very essential necessities and creating conditions for a continued life. (John, 2005) In my community, preparedness towards disaster has been a crucial role. Various structures, policies and processes have been constituted to avoid and deal with risks.Various processes have been developed to create possible environments that prevent risks from their occurrence. It has used mass decontamination, emergency evacuation processes, quarantines, developing emergency s tructures for the support of rebuilding and supporting the society after these occurrences above other fundamental measures. At my personal level, I have been obligated in creating moral awareness on the principles and codes of risks mitigations. This is by providing supportive processes that enlighten the society about the possible measures in disaster control (John, 2005).

American Indian Stories: Native Americans Essay

In American Indian Stories, University of Nebraska Press Lincoln and London edition, the author, Zitkala-Sa, tries to tell stories that depicted life growing up on a reservation. Her stories showed how Native Americans reacted to the white man’s ways of running the land and changing the life of Indians. â€Å"Zitkala-Sa was one of the early Indian writers to record tribal legends and tales from oral tradition† (back cover) is a great way to show that the author’s stories were based upon actual events in her life as a Dakota Sioux Indian. This essay will describe and analyze Native American life as described by Zitkala-Sa’s American Indian Stories, it will relate to Native Americans and their interactions with American societies, it will discuss the major themes of the book and why the author wrote it, it will describe Native American society, its values and its beliefs and how they changed and it will show how Native Americans views other non-Natives. Before the introduction of the â€Å"pale face† Native Americans lived a calm and serene life. They lived in big communities and help one another in order to survive. They had a form of religion, poly-theistic, that would be their main form of salvation. They had chiefs and warriors. They had teepees that would allow them to quickly pack up and move. The Native Americans were a nomadic, primitive people that did not live up to the whiter man’s view of â€Å"civilization†. However, the white man, pale face, felt the need to change the Native Americans barbaric ways of life. The Americans were smart in their efforts in trying to convert the Indians. They would go after the kids because they were still young and gullible. â€Å"Yes, my child, several others besides Judewin are going away with the palefaces. Your brother said the missionaries had inquired about his little sister†¦ â€Å"Did he tell them to take me, mother† (40). The children were impressionable. In this first story, the daughter gets hooked on going with the missionaries because they said they had apple trees and being that she has never seen an apple tree, she begged her mother to go not knowing that her mother did not want to send her away. Some Indians enjoyed leaving with the Americans; others did not because of what the Americans had done to the Indians. The mother in this story had told her daughter stories of what the paleface had done and how they had killed most of her family. â€Å"There is what the paleface has done! Since then your father too has been buried in a hill nearer the rising sun. We where once very happy. But the paleface has stolen our lands and driven us hither. Having defrauded us of our land, the paleface forced us away† (10). Having knowing this, the little girl still persisted and wanted to go with the paleface. Many of the Indians that left with the missionaries were gone for many years and did not know how much had changed back at home. In the story The Soft-Hearted Sioux a young man comes back home after receiving an education from the missionaries. He had left before he was taught how to survive out in the wild. He came back to dying and starving parents. He was brainwashed by the missionaries because he went against his family’s customs and told the medicine man never to come back and that God will save his father. He started preaching God’s words to his people and they left the community. His father was growing sicker and sicker and he needed food. His son went out everyday trying to get something but had no skills in hunting. His father had told him to go two hills over and he could find meat. With no concept of ownership, the son went and killed a cow that belonged to an American. Upon leaving with the meat he was chased down and attacked by the â€Å"owner† of the cattle. The son accidentally killed the man and fled back to his father’s teepee only to realize that he was too late and that his father had died. He was so conditioned by the white man that he had forgotten his ancestors’ ways of survival. The book suggests that Native Americans were not savages and that they had a normal lifestyle before the Americans came in and changed everything. Their society was based upon helping one another out. It was also based upon mobility. They would have to make homes in such a way that they could just pack up and leave whenever they needed to. The Native Americans had a values based on nature, life and death. The believed that you must respect nature, respect the living and put a special emphasis on the dead. In The Dead Man’s Plum Bush the little girl walked by a plum bush that had just blossomed out beautiful plums. When the girl had reached to grab one of the plums her mother had told her not to and explained that â€Å"the roots are wrapped around an Indian’s skeleton. A brave is buried here. While he lived he was so fond of playing the game of striped plum seeds that, at his death, his set of plum seeds were buried in his hands. From them sprang up this little bush† (32). The fact that the bush was there because of a man’s fascination with plum seeds and that no one can enjoy its fruits shows how much respect for the dead is played through the Native Americans’ beliefs. Zitkala-Sa’s main motives for writing this book was to show â€Å"one of the first attempts by a native American woman to write her own story† (back cover). Another main motive was to inform people of the way that the Americans came and took over the Indians’ land and people; the land was taken by force and the people by bribing little kids. The main theme for the book was to show how the Indians felt about the Americans. Going by the book, there is no set way of showing how many people liked or disliked the Americans. However, it is noticeable that the parents clearly did not like the Americans because they knew what the Americans had done to them in the past and what they are doing to them presently. They knew that the Americans came in and killed their ancestors and forced others to leave their lands. They knew that they were taking their children away and brainwashing them into thinking that their families were savages and that the Americans had more to offer them. They knew that the Americans were making their kids forget about their ways of living and their beliefs. The children, however, saw the Americans invitation as a way to better themselves and their families. The children would happily go away with the American strangers thinking that everything would be better for them. Zitkala-Sa tried to show how her people were treated by Americans in her book American Indian Stories. She showed how the Indians life was before the Americans and how it had changed after the introduction of the Americans. She proved that not all of the Indians liked the white people. She proved that most of the children that left did not remember their family’s way of life. She proved that when the Americans came they not only took the Indians’ land, they also took their people. Works Cited Zitkala-Sa. American Indian Stories. University Of Nebraska Press. Lincoln and Lo.

Differences in wealth and life expectancy of the countries of the world Essay Example

Differences in wealth and life expectancy of the countries of the world Essay Example Differences in wealth and life expectancy of the countries of the world Essay Differences in wealth and life expectancy of the countries of the world Essay For my mathematics coursework I have been given the task of finding the differences in wealth and life expectancy of the countries of the world. To my aide I shall have the World Factbook Data which was given to me by my maths teacher. The World Factbook Data contains the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita; this is the economic value of all the goods and services produced by an economy over a specified period. It includes consumption, government purchases, investments, and exports minus imports. This is probably the best indicator of the economic health of a country. It is usually measured annually. Another thing the data contains is the Life expectancy at birth. Life expectancy is called the average life span or mean life span, in this case of the countries or continents. This informs me of the average age a person in the specified country is likely to like to. Using this data I shall try to prove hypotheses that I shall personally predict before carrying out the investigation. For my investigation I shall be using varieties of different ways to presenting my data and results. I shall use graphs, charts as well as tables to make the data easier to read and understand for the reader. This would enable me also to keep organised and follow what I have to do. To develop my work I shall use very reliable as well as advanced methods to prove my hypotheses. These shall consist of Spearmans rank correlation coefficient, box plots, standard deviation aswell as histograms. Bearing my hypotheses in mind, I think that it would be they are irrelevant to my hypotheses and I shall gain no evidence or support from them inappropriate for me to use averages such as the mode or the range as I feel. My Hypotheses : I have chosen two hypotheses. My first Hypotheses is linked directly to my task whereas my second hypotheses is an extension task to develop my work. My hypotheses consist of: * The wealth and life expectancy of a continent is linked and is likely to have a strong positive correlation. I believe this happens worldwide. * Females generally tend to live longer than males worldwide. Method I shall acquire a systematically method. This will enable my work to be organised and easy to read. First, and foremost, I shall gather all the data that is presented before me. As my hypotheses are based on worldwide data I believe it is essential for me to use all the data. Once I have obtained the data I shall extract the data that will be used for my investigation. For this I shall use the stratified sampling method. This method is chosen because it is a fair and unbiased method. Also stratified sampling would give me an even spread of the whole continent, not compromise of the highest or lowest sets of data (as this would give me inaccurate results of the continents). Once obtaining the data specified I shall then separately, for each continent, put the data onto a table. I have chosen not to opt for putting the data in one big table, although my hypotheses are both related to worldwide information not separate continents, as this would narrow my results. Another advantage of putting the data onto separate tables for each continent is that I can then see which countries and continents prove my hypotheses and which countries and continents go against my hypotheses. After having my data separated into continents I shall first draw a scatter graph for each continent. This is to get me started and show me how spread out the data roughly is. Stratified Random Sampling Since it is generally impossible to study the entire population (every country in every continent) I must rely on sampling to acquire a section of the continent to perform my investigation. I believe it is important that the group selected be representative of the continent, and not biased in a systematic manner. For example, a group comprised of the wealthiest countries in a given continent probably would not accurately reflect the opinions of the entire continent. For this reason I have employed stratified random sampling to achieve an unbiased sample. Using this method shall: a) Give me the estimates of the countries needed for each continent b) Make selecting the data fair, as there will be no biasness. c) Give me a more accurate result. Firstly I used stratified sampling to find the number of countries needed from each continent, for my investigation. I deployed the formula: Number of countries in continent à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60 Total number of countries in The World Factbook Database I multiplied the answer by sixty because that is the number that I wish to reduce the data to. I believe sixty to be the right number as it is not too big or too small and I am capable of working with that number. Results: Asia: 54/235à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60=14 Africa: 57/235à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60=15 Europe: 48/235à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60=12 Oceania: 25/235à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60=6 North America: 37/235à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60=9 South America: 14/235à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60=4 I then randomly selected the amount presented to me for each continent. I put the countries and their given data in a graph. In some cases I had to randomly reselect a country as the previously selected country didnt have sufficient data for me to include it in my investigation. Also for Cyprus I had to add both the Greek Cypriot area and the Turkish Cypriot area to give me the totals for the GDP-per capita for Cyprus. Data Tables Asia Countries GDP per capita ($) Male Life Expectancy Female Life Expectancy Population Life Expectancy (years) Afghanistan 700 42.27 42.66 42.46 Bangladesh 1,900 74.37 80.02 61.71 Cyprus 24,800 75.11 79.92 77.46 Gaza Strip 600 70.31 72.94 71.59 Jordan 9,000 75.59 80.69 78.06 Malaysia 4,300 69.29 74.81 71.95 Maldives 3,900 62.41 65.01 63.68 Mongolia 1,800 61.97 66.48 64.17 Oman 13,100 70.66 75.16 72.85 Qatar 3,300 70.90 76.04 69.71 Saudi Arabia 21,500 73.26 77.30 73.40 Syria 11,800 68.47 71.02 75.23 United Arab Emirates 23,200 72.51 77.60 74.99 West Bank 800 71.14 74.72 72.88 Mean 8,621 68.45 72.46 69.30 Data Tables Africa Countries GDP per capita ($) Male Life Expectancy Female Life Expectancy Population Life Expectancy (years) Burundi 600 42.73 44.00 43.36 Cape Verde 1,400 66.83 73.54 70.14 Cote dIvoire 1,400 40.27 44.76 42.48 Egypt 4,000 68.22 73.31 70.71 Gabon 5,500 54.85 58.12 56.46 Liberia 1,000 46.90 48.99 47.93 Libya 6,400 74.10 78.58 76.28 Madagascar 800 54.19 58.96 56.54 Morocco 4,000 68.06 72.74 70.35 Mozambique 1,200 37.83 36.34 37.10 Niger 800 42.38 41.97 42.18 South Africa 10,700 44.39 43.98 44.19 Sudan 1,900 56.96 59.36 58.13 Swaziland 4,900 39.10 35.94 37.54 Zambia 800 35.19 35.17 35.18 Mean 3,027 51.47 53.72 52.57 Data Tables Europe Countries GDP per capita ($) Male Life Expectancy Female Life Expectancy Population Life Expectancy (years) Belarus 6,100 62.79 74.65 68.57 Bosnia and Herzegovina 6,100 69.82 75.51 72.57 Faroe Islands 22,000 75.60 82.51 79.05 Finland 27,400 74.73 81.89 78.24 Guernsey 20,000 77.17 83.27 80.17 Macedonia 6,700 72.45 77.20 74.73 Malta 17,700 76.51 80.98 78.68 Man, Isle of 21,000 74.80 81.70 78.16 Norway 37,800 76.64 82.01 79.25 Portugal 18,000 74.06 80.85 77.35 Slovakia 13,300 70.21 78.37 74.19 Sweden 26,800 78.12 82.62 80.30 Mean 18,575 73.58 80.13 76.77 Data Tables Oceania Countries GDP per capita ($) Male Life Expectancy Female Life Expectancy Population Life Expectancy (years) American Samoa 8,000 72.05 79.41 75.62 Australia 29,000 77.40 83.27 80.26 French Polynesia 17,500 73.29 78.18 75.67 Palau 9,000 66.67 73.15 69.82 Papua New Guinea 2,200 62.41 66.81 64.56 Vanuatu 2,900 60.64 63.63 62.10 Mean 11,433 68.74 74.08 71.34 Data Tables North America Countries GDP per capita ($) Male Life Expectancy Female Life Expectancy Population Life Expectancy (years) Anguilla 8,600 73.99 79.91 76.90 Aruba 28,000 75.64 82.49 78.98 Belize 4,900 65.11 69.86 67.43 Costa Rica 9,100 74.07 79.33 76.63 Dominica 5,400 71.48 77.43 74.38 El Salvador 4,800 67.31 74.70 70.92 Netherlands Antilles 11,400 73.37 77.95 75.60 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2,900 71.54 75.21 73.35 Trinidad and Tobago 9,500 66.86 71.82 69.28 Mean 9,400 71.04 76.52 73.72 Data Tables South America Countries GDP per capita ($) Male Life Expectancy Female Life Expectancy Population Life Expectancy (years) Argentina 11,200 71.95 79.65 75.70 Guyana 4,000 60.12 64.84 62.43 Suriname 4,000 66.77 71.55 69.10 Venezuela 4,800 71.02 77.32 74.06 Mean 6,000 67.47 73.34 70.32 Data Table Result * The wealth and life expectancy of a continent is linked and is likely to have a strong positive correlation. I believe this happens worldwide. * Females generally tend to live longer than males worldwide. Summary Continent Mean GDP per capita ($) Mean Male Life Expectancy Mean Female Life Expectancy Mean Population Life Expectancy (years) Europe 18,575 73.58 80.13 76.77 Oceania 11,433 68.74 74.08 71.34 North America 9,400 71.04 76.52 73.72 Asia 8,621 68.45 72.46 69.30 South America 6,000 67.47 73.34 70.32 Africa 3,027 51.47 53.72 52.57 Worldwide 9,509 66.79 71.71 69.00 Hypotheses 1 This data supports my first Hypotheses that wealth and life expectancy of a continent is linked and is likely to have a strong positive correlation. This is seen because the higher a continents mean GDP per capita the higher its mean Population Life Expectancy has been. This is with the exception of South America. This goes against my hypotheses. This does not prove my hypotheses incorrect as I need more sufficient evidence. Hypotheses 2 This hypothesis has already been proven correct because on in every continent the mean Male Life Expectancy is always lower then the mean Female Life Expectancy. Scatter Graphs A scatter graph is a graphical summary of bivariate data (two variables X and Y), usually drawn before working out a linear correlation coefficient or fitting a regression line. In scatter graphs every observation is presented as a point in (X,Y)-cordinate system. The resulting pattern indicates the type and strength of the relationship between the two variables. A scattergraph will show up a linear or non-linear relationship between the two variables and whether or not there exist any outliers in the data. Scatter graph is a graph made by plotting ordered pairs in a coordinate plane to show the correlation between two sets of data. The reason for me choosing the scatter graph as a way of displaying my data is because the scatter graph is easy to read and understand. Also you can visibly see the correlation which is not possible with other methods. Reading a scatter graph: * A scatter graph describes a positive trend if, as one set of values increases, the other set tends to increase. * A scatter graph describes a negative trend if, as one set of values increases, the other set tends to decrease. * A scatter graph shows no trend if the ordered pairs show no correlation. Interpreting a Scatter graph High positive correlation Perfect positive Low correlation Perfect positive High positive correlation High negative correlation Scatter Graphs Asia Scatter Graphs Africa Scatter Graphs Europe Scatter Graphs Oceania Scatter Graphs North America Scatter Graphs South America Scatter Graph Results * The wealth and life expectancy of a continent is linked and is likely to have a strong positive correlation. I believe this happens worldwide. * Females generally tend to live longer than males worldwide. Only hypotheses one was attempted with this data as hypothesis two could not be preformed with this graph. It would have had no extra information and would have been too time consuming. Hypotheses 1 This data shows the data table in a visual form. Personally, it is easier to see that continents that have less GDP capita also have a lower life expectancy. The most visible are the countries that have been circled around. These countries are a lot worse then the rest of the countries. These countries can actually be seen to be totally different compared to the rest of the world. Histograms In statistics, a histogram is a graphical display of tabulated frequencies. That is, a histogram is the graphical version of a table which shows what proportion of cases fall into each of several or many specified categories. The categories are usually specified as non overlapping intervals of some variable. .Histogram is a specialized type of bar chart. Individual data points are grouped together in classes, so that you can get an idea of how frequently data in each class occur in the data set. High bars indicate more frequency in a class, and low bars indicate fewer frequency. One of the main reasons for me choosing histograms is because it provides an easy-to-read picture of the location and variation in a data set. The histogram is another way of visually displaying your data. This makes it more appealing than a set of tables. Interpreting Histograms If the columns in a histogram are all the same width then you can compare the frequencies of the class by comparing the heights of the columns. The column with the largest area indicates the modal class. The height of a column is like averaging out the frequency over all the values in the class. Height = Frequency Class interval The taller the column is the greater the average frequency for the values in that class is. Histograms Asia Population Life Expectancy (years) Frequency Mid point Frequency Density 41-50 1 45.5 0.11 51-60 0 55.5 0.00 61-70 4 65.5 0.44 71-80 9 75.5 1.00 Total 14 1.56 Histograms Africa Population Life Expectancy (years) Frequency Mid point Frequency Density 31-40 3 35.5 0.33 41-50 5 45.5 0.56 51-60 3 55.5 0.33 61-70 0 65.5 0.00 71-80 4 75.5 0.44 Total 15 1.67 Histograms Europe Population Life Expectancy (years) Frequency Mid point Frequency Density 61-70 1 65.5 0.11 71-80 9 75.5 1.00 81-90 2 85.5 0.22 Total 12 1.33 Histograms Oceania Population Life Expectancy (years) Frequency Mid point Frequency Density 61-70 3 65.5 0.33 71-80 2 75.5 0.22 81-90 1 85.5 0.11 Total 6 0.67 Histograms North America Population Life Expectancy (years) Frequency Mid point Frequency Density 61-70 2 65.5 0.22 71-80 7 75.5 0.78 Total 9 1.00 Histograms South America Population Life Expectancy (years) Frequency Mid point Frequency Density 61-70 2 65.5 0.22 71-80 2 75.5 0.22 Total 4 0.44 Histogram Results * The wealth and life expectancy of a country is linked and is likely to have a strong positive correlation. I believe this happens worldwide. * Females generally tend to live longer than males worldwide. Population Life Expectancy (years) Frequency Mid point Frequency Density 31-40 3 35.5 0.33 41-50 6 45.5 0.67 51-60 3 55.5 0.33 61-70 12 65.5 1.33 71-80 33 75.5 3.67 81-90 3 85.5 0.33 Total 60 6.67 This was extended work to give me more information indirectly concerning hypotheses one. This data shows me that the modal group for population life expectancy worldwide is the 71-80 age range. Unsurprisingly the economically worst off continent, Africa, was the only continents to have any country with a Population Life Expectancy of below 40. On the other hand Asia, not being the second worst economically continent, alongside with Africa, had countries with Life Expectancy lower then 60. To summarise so far in my investigations only South America has not fitted in with my first hypotheses. Standard Deviation Standard deviation is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is a measure of the degree of dispersion of the data from the mean value. It is simply the average or expected variation around an average. Standard deviation would show me how spread out the values in the sets of data are. It is defined as the square root of the variance. This means it is the root mean square (RMS) deviation from the average. It is defined this way in order to give us a measure of dispersion that is: I have chosen this method because although the scatter graph and histograms do show population distribution they do not give a precise and exact answer. This can easily be obtained by using standard deviation. * A non-negative number, and * Has the same units as the data. Interpreting Standard deviation Interpreting standard deviation is quite easy to read. A large standard deviation indicates that the data points are far from the mean and a small standard deviation indicates that they are clustered closely around the mean. In this case 0.9 is a large standard deviation and 0.1 is a small standard deviation. The formula for standard deviation is; ?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½xà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ -x à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ V ?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Standard Deviation Asia Male Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 42.27 68.45 -26.18 685.24 74.37 68.45 5.92 35.08 75.11 68.45 6.66 44.39 70.31 68.45 1.86 3.47 75.59 68.45 7.14 51.02 69.29 68.45 0.84 0.71 62.41 68.45 -6.04 36.45 61.97 68.45 -6.48 41.95 70.66 68.45 2.21 4.90 70.90 68.45 2.45 6.02 73.26 68.45 4.81 23.16 68.47 68.45 0.02 0.00 72.51 68.45 4.06 16.51 71.14 68.45 2.69 7.25 Variance 68.30 Standard Deviation 8.26 Female Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 42.66 72.46 -29.80 887.74 80.02 72.46 7.57 57.23 79.92 72.46 7.47 55.73 72.94 72.46 0.48 0.24 80.69 72.46 8.24 67.82 74.81 72.46 2.36 5.55 65.01 72.46 -7.44 55.43 66.48 72.46 -5.97 35.70 75.16 72.46 2.71 7.32 76.04 72.46 3.59 12.85 77.30 72.46 4.85 23.47 71.02 72.46 -1.44 2.06 77.60 72.46 5.15 26.47 74.72 72.46 2.27 5.13 Variance 88.77 Standard Deviation 9.42 Standard Deviation Asia Population Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 42.46 69.30 -26.84 720.16 61.71 69.30 -7.59 57.54 77.46 69.30 8.16 66.66 71.59 69.30 2.29 5.26 78.06 69.30 8.76 76.81 71.95 69.30 2.65 7.05 63.68 69.30 -5.62 31.54 64.17 69.30 -5.13 26.27 72.85 69.30 3.55 12.63 69.71 69.30 0.41 0.17 73.40 69.30 4.10 16.85 75.23 69.30 5.93 35.22 74.99 69.30 5.69 32.42 72.88 69.30 3.58 12.85 Variance 78.67 Standard Deviation 8.87 Standard Deviation Africa Male Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 42.73 51.47 -8.74 76.33 66.83 51.47 15.36 236.03 40.27 51.47 -11.20 125.37 68.22 51.47 16.75 280.67 54.85 51.47 3.38 11.45 46.90 51.47 -4.57 20.85 74.10 51.47 22.63 512.27 54.19 51.47 2.72 7.42 68.06 51.47 16.59 275.34 37.83 51.47 -13.64 185.96 42.38 51.47 -9.09 82.57 44.39 51.47 -7.08 50.08 56.96 51.47 5.49 30.18 39.10 51.47 -12.37 152.93 35.19 51.47 -16.28 264.93 Variance 154.16 Standard Deviation 12.42 Female Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 44.00 53.72 -9.72 94.43 73.54 53.72 19.82 392.94 44.76 53.72 -8.96 80.23 73.31 53.72 19.59 383.87 58.12 53.72 4.40 19.38 48.99 53.72 -4.73 22.35 78.58 53.72 24.86 618.15 58.96 53.72 5.24 27.49 72.74 53.72 19.02 361.86 36.34 53.72 -17.38 301.97 41.97 53.72 -11.75 138.00 43.98 53.72 -9.74 94.82 59.36 53.72 5.64 31.84 35.94 53.72 -17.78 316.03 35.17 53.72 -18.55 344.00 Variance 215.16 Standard Deviation 14.67 Standard Deviation Africa Population Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 43.36 52.57 -9.21 84.85 70.14 52.57 17.57 308.66 42.48 52.57 -10.09 101.84 70.71 52.57 18.14 329.01 56.46 52.57 3.89 15.12 47.93 52.57 -4.64 21.54 76.28 52.57 23.71 562.10 56.54 52.57 3.97 15.75 70.35 52.57 17.78 316.08 37.10 52.57 -15.47 239.36 42.18 52.57 -10.39 107.98 44.19 52.57 -8.38 70.25 58.13 52.57 5.56 30.90 37.54 52.57 -15.03 225.94 35.18 52.57 -17.39 302.46 Variance 182.12 Standard Deviation 13.50 Standard Deviation Europe Male Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 62.79 73.58 -10.79 116.32 69.82 73.58 -3.76 14.10 75.60 73.58 2.02 4.10 74.73 73.58 1.16 1.33 77.17 73.58 3.60 12.92 72.45 73.58 -1.13 1.27 76.51 73.58 2.94 8.61 74.80 73.58 1.22 1.50 76.64 73.58 3.07 9.39 74.06 73.58 0.48 0.24 70.21 73.58 -3.37 11.32 78.12 73.58 4.55 20.66 Variance 16.81 Standard Deviation 4.10 Female Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 74.65 80.13 -5.48 30.03 75.51 80.13 -4.62 21.34 82.51 80.13 2.38 5.66 81.89 80.13 1.76 3.10 83.27 80.13 3.14 9.86 77.20 80.13 -2.93 8.58 80.98 80.13 0.85 0.72 81.70 80.13 1.57 2.46 82.01 80.13 1.88 3.53 80.85 80.13 0.72 0.52 78.37 80.13 -1.76 3.10 82.62 80.13 2.49 6.20 Variance 7.93 Standard Deviation 2.82 Standard Deviation Europe Population Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 68.57 76.77 -8.20 67.27 72.57 76.77 -4.20 17.65 79.05 76.77 2.28 5.19 78.24 76.77 1.47 2.16 80.17 76.77 3.40 11.55 74.73 76.77 -2.04 4.17 78.68 76.77 1.91 3.64 78.16 76.77 1.39 1.93 79.25 76.77 2.48 6.14 77.35 76.77 0.58 0.33 74.19 76.77 -2.58 6.67 80.30 76.77 3.53 12.45 Variance 11.60 Standard Deviation 3.41 Standard Deviation Oceania Male Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 72.05 68.74 3.31 10.93 77.40 68.74 8.66 74.94 73.29 68.74 4.55 20.67 66.67 68.74 -2.07 4.30 62.41 68.74 -6.33 40.11 60.64 68.74 -8.10 65.66 Variance 36.10 Standard Deviation 6.01 Female Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 79.41 74.08 5.33 28.46 83.27 74.08 9.19 84.55 78.18 74.08 4.11 16.85 73.15 74.08 -0.92 0.86 66.81 74.08 -7.27 52.78 63.63 74.08 -10.45 109.10 Variance 48.77 Standard Deviation 6.98 Standard Deviation Oceania Population Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 75.62 71.34 4.28 18.33 80.26 71.34 8.92 79.60 75.67 71.34 4.33 18.76 69.82 71.34 -1.52 2.31 64.56 71.34 -6.78 45.95 62.10 71.34 -9.24 85.35 Variance 41.72 Standard Deviation 6.46 Standard Deviation North America Male Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 73.99 71.04 2.95 8.70 75.64 71.04 4.60 21.15 65.11 71.04 -5.93 35.18 74.07 71.04 3.03 9.17 71.48 71.04 0.44 0.19 67.31 71.04 -3.73 13.92 73.37 71.04 2.33 5.42 71.54 71.04 0.50 0.25 66.86 71.04 -4.18 17.48 Variance 12.39 Standard Deviation 3.52 Female Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 79.91 76.52 3.39 11.48 82.49 76.52 5.97 35.61 69.86 76.52 -6.66 44.39 79.33 76.52 2.81 7.88 77.43 76.52 0.91 0.82 74.70 76.52 -1.82 3.32 77.95 76.52 1.43 2.04 75.21 76.52 -1.31 1.72 71.82 76.52 -4.70 22.11 Variance 14.38 Standard Deviation 3.79 Standard Deviation North America Population Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 76.90 73.72 3.18 10.12 78.98 73.72 5.26 27.68 67.43 73.72 -6.29 39.55 76.63 73.72 2.91 8.47 74.38 73.72 0.66 0.44 70.92 73.72 -2.80 7.83 75.60 73.72 1.88 3.54 73.35 73.72 -0.37 0.14 69.28 73.72 -4.44 19.70 Variance 13.05 Standard Deviation 3.61 Standard Deviation South America Male Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 71.95 67.47 4.49 20.12 60.12 67.47 -7.34 53.95 66.77 67.47 -0.69 0.48 71.02 67.47 3.56 12.64 Variance 21.80 Standard Deviation 4.67 Female Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 79.65 73.34 6.31 39.82 64.84 73.34 -8.50 72.25 71.55 73.34 -1.79 3.20 77.32 73.34 3.98 15.84 Variance 32.78 Standard Deviation 5.73 Standard Deviation South America Population Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 75.70 70.32 5.38 28.92 62.43 70.32 -7.89 62.29 69.10 70.32 -1.22 1.49 74.06 70.32 3.74 13.97 Variance 26.67 Standard Deviation 5.16 Standard Deviation Results * The wealth and life expectancy of a country is linked and is likely to have a strong positive correlation. I believe this happens worldwide. * Females generally tend to live longer than males worldwide. Continents Asia Africa Europe Oceania North America South America Male Life Expectancy 8.26 12.42 4.10 6.01 3.52 4.67 Female Life Expectancy 9.42 14.67 2.82 6.98 3.79 5.73 Population Life Expectancy 8.87 13.50 3.41 6.46 3.61 5.16 Hypotheses 1 This data does mainly concentrate on Hypotheses two but it can also be relevant to Hypotheses one as well. The continent with the highest GDP- per capita, Europe is also the continent which on average is closer to its mean then any other country. Also the continent with the lowest GDP- per capita, Africa is also the continent which on average is furthest away from its mean then any other continent. Hypotheses 2 This data proves that females have longer Life Expectancy then males, without a doubt. The females live so longer that they are further away from the mean then the males. This is because females are above the mean for each and every continent, unlike the males who are always below the mean. This table can be misleading in the concept that it seems as if men in Europe have a Longer Life Expectancy then women in Europe. This is not true. The fact is that both men and women have high Life Expectancy in Europe; (with the women averaging higher then the men again).This results leads to a high Population Life Expectancy which is close to both of them. In this case the women are closer to it, but they still contain a higher Life Expectancy. Spearmans Rank Correlation Spearmans rank correlation is used to compare two given sets of data. You use the formula p = 1- 6?dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ n(nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-1) d is the difference between the GDP-per capita and Population life expectancy. n is the number of countries in the specified continent. To work out the value of p for the results of the GDP-per capita and the Population life expectancy you add another two rows to the table. The first row is for the value of d (difference) and the second row is for the value of dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (differenceà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½). Interpreting Spearmans rank correlation The value of p will always be between -1 and +1. ________________________________________________________________________ -1 0 1 If the value of p is close to 0 there is almost no correlation. If the value of p is close to -1 there is strong negative correlation. If the value of p is close to -0.5 there is weak negative correlation. If the value of p is close to 1 there is strong positive correlation. If the value of p is close to 0.5 there is weak positive correlation. Spearmans Rank Correlation Results * The wealth and life expectancy of a country is linked and is likely to have a strong positive correlation. I believe this happens worldwide. * Females generally tend to live longer than males worldwide. The Spearmans rank correlation tables show the following results about the correlation between the GDP-per capita and the Population life expectancy of a continent: Continent Results Correlation between GDP-per capita and the Population life expectancy of continent Asia. 0.7010989 Medium positive correlation Africa 0.499452321 Weak positive correlation Europe 0.8023324 Strong positive correlation Oceania 0.8857143 Strong positive correlation North America 0.55 Weak positive correlation South America 0.50 Weak positive correlation Looking at my data it is visible that all the continents have positive correlation. This proves my hypotheses, that all the continents have a positive correlation between the GDP-per capita and the Population life expectancy of a continent. The accuracy of my hypotheses can be further developed. Instead of saying that there is a positive correlation between the GDP-per capita and the Population life expectancy worldwide, I could further develop this. Looking at my data I can tell the strength of the correlation of each specific continent. Strong Accuracy Intermediate Accuracy Weak Accuracy Europe Asia. North America Oceania South America Africa Conclusion * The wealth and life expectancy of a country is linked and is likely to have a strong positive correlation. I believe this happens worldwide. * Females generally tend to live longer than males worldwide. My first hypothesis was proven correct. I realised that the continent do contain a correlation between the wealth and life expectancy of a continent. However for most of my data South America did seem to be an exception. I believe this to be because of the size of data for this continent. Although stratified random sampling was accurate it did not work in these circumstances. Another method I could have used was to give each continent the same number of countries to represent it. Only four countries were chosen for South America, I do not think that this was a sufficient enough number to represent a whole continent. I say this because I believe that the chosen method was mainly all about luck, which countries are chosen to represent a continent. This would give a biased reading. To overcome this problem I would definitely have to increase my data. For this reason I think that although my hypotheses was correct and if I was to try the same investigation again with a data size of seventy instead of sixty my hypotheses would be more successful as well as more accurate. For my second hypotheses there were no such problems. My hypothesis was not one hundred percent accurate because as always there were a few exceptions. The exceptions consisted of four countries four countries all from Africa. These countries had a higher male Life Expectancy then the female Life Expectancy. These countries are listed below. Countries Male Life Expectancy Female Life Expectancy Mozambique 37.83 36.34 Niger 42.38 41.97 South Africa 44.39 43.98 Swaziland 39.10 35.94 Zambia 35.19 35.17 Apart from these few countries, (which just prove that men can live longer then women!) my hypotheses was correct, because worldwide females tend to live longer then males. Looking at my investigation I feel in order for this data to be more accurate I would certainly need to have some minor adjustments, like the size of my data. I feel this did affect my results as the size of the data resulted in me being restricted from significant data that was not chosen due to my method of sampling. If this investigation was done again I would actually stick with the same methods, however I would expand my database and also use an even wider variety of representing my data (for example I could use the cumulative frequency graph). This would enable me to have a more accurate set of results.

Lexis Definition and Examples

Lexis Definition and Examples Lexis is a term in linguistics referring to the vocabulary of a language. Lexis is a Greek term meaning word or speech. The adjective is lexical. The study of lexis and the lexicon, or collection of words in a language, is called lexicology. The process of adding words and word patterns to the lexicon of a language is called lexicalization. In grammar, the distinction between syntax and morphology is, by tradition, lexically based. In recent decades, however,  this distinction has been disputed by research in  lexicogrammar: lexis and grammar are now generally perceived as interdependent. Examples and Observations The term lexis, from the ancient Greek for word, refers to all the words in a language, the entire vocabulary of a language... In the history of modern linguistics, since approximately the middle of the twentieth century, the treatment of lexis has evolved substantially by acknowledging to a greater degree the important and central role of words and lexicalized phrases in the mental representation of linguistic knowledge and in linguistic processing. (Joe Barcroft, Gretchen Sunderman, and Norvert Schmitt, Lexis  from The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics, edited by  James Simpson)   Grammar and Lexis Lexis and morphology [are] listed alongside syntax and grammar because these aspects of language are inter-related...The morphemes above- the s on cats and on eats- give grammatical information: the s on cats tells us that the noun is plural, and the s on eats could suggest a plural noun, as in they had some eats. The s on eats could also be a form of the verb used in the third person- he, she, or it eats. In each case, then, the morphology of the word is strongly connected with grammar or the structural rules that govern how words and phrases relate to each other. (Angela Goddard,  Doing English Language: A Guide for Students)   [R]esearch, particularly over the last fifteen years or so, is beginning to demonstrate more and more clearly that the relationship between grammar and lexis is much closer than [we used to think]: in making sentences we may start with the grammar, but the final shape of a sentence is determined by the words which make up the sentence. Let us take a simple example. These are both likely sentences of English: I laughed.She bought it. But the following are not likely sentences of English. She put it away.She put it. The verb put is incomplete unless it is followed by both a direct object, such as it, and also an adverbial of place like here or away: I put it on the shelf.She put it. Taking three different verbs, laugh, buy and put, as starting points results in sentences which are quite different in structure...The lexis and the grammar, the words, and the sentence, proceed hand in hand. (Dave Willis, Rules, Patterns, and Words: Grammar and Lexis in English Language Teaching)

Antiperspirants and Deodorant Market and Evolution Research Paper

Antiperspirants and Deodorant Market and Evolution - Research Paper Example As the paper stresses it is natural for a healthy human being to sweat. Amount of perspiration depends on weather conditions, personal health, hygiene and physical activity level. Sweat is wet and odorless in its pure form. It only stinks after reacting with the bacteria on human skin .Sweat regulates body temperature irrespective of the outside weather conditions. Be it topical or below zero outside, human body temperature remains constant. While exposed to extreme heat, sweat glands excrete a watery substance that cools down the body. It is a thermoregulatory mechanism which makes the body capable of adapting to hottest climates. This discussion declares that the apocrine glands are comparatively large but only in size as in number they are few. These glands end in the follicles of body hair and become active after puberty. Apocrine glands respond to hormonal secretions and get triggered by emotional factors, for instance, stress and sexual excitement. Sweat produced from both types of glands is odorless. The main culprits for odor are bacteria which ferment on sweat. By products of this activity generate odor, therefore, daily shower is suggested to be a natural way to avoid odor. However, despite the fact that both eccrine sweat and apocrine sweat are nearly 99 per cent water, apocrine sweat contains some oil which is more favorable for bacterial growth. Therefore, apocrine sweat is prime reason for sweat odor while eccrine sweat makes us wet. (Blumenthal). External Factors Other than sweat glands, some external factors also contribute to sweating, such as hot weather, some particular food, smoking or drug use. According to studies by the Gillette Co, foods including garlic, onions, hot spices and beer have been detected to contribute in more body odor. Contrary to yesteryears’ belief about fighting sweat, regular bathing and killing or inhibiting bacterial growth by deodorants and antiperspirants is frequently suggested today. The approach is far improved and effective as compared to masking the odor by perfumes in past (Blumenthal). Deodorants and antiperspirants Antiperspirants are available in sprays, creams, pads, powders,